4.5.1 Common Categories of Investment Advisory Fraud
Fraud is an exceptionally broad concept that may show up in any part of a securities professional’s business. To avoid committing fraud, securities professionals and firms must remain honest in their dealings with clients and the public. Some common types of investment advisory fraud that have been prosecuted by the SEC are listed below (taken from an academic paper by Dimmi and Gerkin). These include:
• Direct theft. The advise